{"id":952,"date":"2025-02-27T18:21:56","date_gmt":"2025-02-27T18:21:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/?p=952"},"modified":"2025-04-16T08:10:13","modified_gmt":"2025-04-16T08:10:13","slug":"black-ingenuity-in-the-industrial-revolution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/27\/black-ingenuity-in-the-industrial-revolution\/","title":{"rendered":"Black ingenuity in the Industrial Revolution"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>On 21 June 2023, a scholarly journal paper challenged the long-held view that nineteenth century British ironmaster Henry Cort had invented a method for recycling low quality scrap iron into more valuable wrought iron. Instead, the author asserted, Cort had stolen this idea from &#8220;Black metallurgists in Jamaica who developed it&#8221;, crediting them as the true innovators of the process, and identifying them as a combination of free and enslaved workers. <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/UHszVc6e1v8\" title=\"\">This video<\/a> describes the scholarly response to this paper, and the discussion over black ingenuity in the Industrial Revolution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Black invention &amp; intellectual property theft\" width=\"950\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/UHszVc6e1v8?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Alan Lester [@aljhlester]. \u201c@SalisburyJohnof @Telegraph This Response Is Revealing. Lots of Papers Are Published with Arguments That Some Find Dubious. It\u2019s Part of Normal Scholarly Practice to Challenge Them, Especially If They Are Well Publicised in the Press, without Vindictive Allegations of Fraud and \u2018hoax\u2019 against Their Authors.\u201d Tweet. <em>Twitter<\/em>, 19 November 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/aljhlester\/status\/1726331757778080035\">https:\/\/x.com\/aljhlester\/status\/1726331757778080035<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Allosso, Dan. \u201cHistory Does Not Have a Replication Problem.\u201d Substack newsletter. <em>MakingHistory<\/em>, 4 October 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/danallosso.substack.com\/p\/history-does-not-have-a-replication\">https:\/\/danallosso.substack.com\/p\/history-does-not-have-a-replication<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>American Historical Association. \u201cStatement on Standards of Professional Conduct.\u201d <em>Historians<\/em>, 7 January 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historians.org\/resource\/statement-on-standards-of-professional-conduct\/\">https:\/\/www.historians.org\/resource\/statement-on-standards-of-professional-conduct\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Armitage, David. \u201cThe Impulse of the Present | Historical Transactions.\u201d <em>Historical Transactions<\/em>, 26 July 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.royalhistsoc.org\/2023\/07\/26\/the-impulse-of-the-present\/\">https:\/\/blog.royalhistsoc.org\/2023\/07\/26\/the-impulse-of-the-present\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Barber, Regina G. \u201cHenry Cort Stole His Iron Innovation from Black Metallurgists in Jamaica.\u201d <em>NPR<\/em>, 7 August 2023, \u00a7 Short Wave. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2023\/08\/03\/1191989712\/henry-cort-stole-his-iron-innovation-from-black-metallurgists-in-jamaica\">https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2023\/08\/03\/1191989712\/henry-cort-stole-his-iron-innovation-from-black-metallurgists-in-jamaica<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bez\u00eds-Selfa, John. \u201cSlavery and the Disciplining of Free Labor in the Colonial Mid-Atlantic Iron Industry.\u201d <em>Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies<\/em> 64 (1997): 270\u201386.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bruce, Kathleen. \u201cSlave Labor in the Virginian Iron Industry.\u201d <em>The William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine<\/em> 6.4 (1926): 289\u2013302. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1919261\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1919261<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bulstrode, Jenny. \u201cBlack Metallurgists and the Making of the Industrial Revolution.\u201d <em>History and Technology<\/em> 39.1 (2023): 1\u201341. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07341512.2023.2220991\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07341512.2023.2220991<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cr\u00e9mieux. \u201cCr\u00e9mieux on X: \u2018Let\u2019s Be Clear: This Editorial Is Not Important, Careful, or Reasoned. Its Arguments Are a Red Herring. The Article Is Divided into Two Sections: An Attempted Rebuttal of the Historical Facts and a Section in Which the Editors Let the Cat out of the Bag and Voiced Their Https:\/\/T.Co\/PufO2E1xmw\u2019 \/ X.\u201d <em>X (Formerly Twitter)<\/em>, 17 November 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/cremieuxrecueil\/status\/1725319704129012086\">https:\/\/x.com\/cremieuxrecueil\/status\/1725319704129012086<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Devlin, Hannah, and Hannah Devlin Science correspondent. \u201cIndustrial Revolution Iron Method \u2018Was Taken from Jamaica by Briton.\u2019\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, 5 July 2023, \u00a7 Science. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2023\/jul\/05\/industrial-revolution-iron-method-taken-from-jamaica-briton\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2023\/jul\/05\/industrial-revolution-iron-method-taken-from-jamaica-briton<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Eichhorn, Barbara, and Caroline Robion-Brunner. \u201cWood Exploitation in a Major Pre-Colonial West African Iron Production Centre (Bassar, Togo).\u201d <em>Quaternary International<\/em> 458 <em>Anthracology: Local to Global Significance of Charcoal Science Part II<\/em> (2017): 158\u201377. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quaint.2017.08.073\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quaint.2017.08.073<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Evans, Chris, and G\u00f6ran Ryd\u00e9n. \u201c\u2018Voyage Iron\u2019: An Atlantic Slave Trade Currency, Its European Origins, and West African Impact*.\u201d <em>Past &amp; Present<\/em> 239.1 (2018): 41\u201370. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pastj\/gtx055\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pastj\/gtx055<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Farwell, Ashley. \u201cCherokee and Black Iron Workers of the Past: Exploring Alternative Methodologies to Experience 19th-Century Blacksmithing and Ironworks.\u201d Master of Arts, University of New Brunswick, 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/unbscholar.lib.unb.ca\/handle\/1882\/37790\">https:\/\/unbscholar.lib.unb.ca\/handle\/1882\/37790<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Goldman, Lawrence. \u201cDr Bulstrode on Black Metallurgists and the Industrial Revolution &#8211; History Reclaimed.\u201d <em>History Reclaimed<\/em>, 12 December 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/historyreclaimed.co.uk\/dr-bulstrode-on-black-metallurgists-and-the-industrial-revolution\/\">https:\/\/historyreclaimed.co.uk\/dr-bulstrode-on-black-metallurgists-and-the-industrial-revolution\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Howes, Anton. \u201cAge of Invention: Cort Case,\u201d 29 August 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ageofinvention.xyz\/p\/age-of-invention-cort-case\">https:\/\/www.ageofinvention.xyz\/p\/age-of-invention-cort-case<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cAge of Invention: Does History Have a Replication Crisis?,\u201d 29 August 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ageofinvention.xyz\/p\/age-of-invention-does-history-have\">https:\/\/www.ageofinvention.xyz\/p\/age-of-invention-does-history-have<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cAge of Invention: How to Be a Public Historian,\u201d 28 November 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ageofinvention.xyz\/p\/age-of-invention-how-to-be-a-public\">https:\/\/www.ageofinvention.xyz\/p\/age-of-invention-how-to-be-a-public<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>humphrey. \u201cJenny Bulstrode, Malpractise, and Academic Freedom.\u201d <em>Committee For Academic Freedom<\/em>, 3 October 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/afcomm.org.uk\/2023\/10\/03\/jenny-bulstrode-malpractise-and-academic-freedom\/\">https:\/\/afcomm.org.uk\/2023\/10\/03\/jenny-bulstrode-malpractise-and-academic-freedom\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jelf, Oliver. \u201cHenry Cort and the \u2018Black Metallurgists\u2019: On the Accuracy of Bulstrode\u2019s Historical Account.\u201d OSF, 22 February 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31235\/osf.io\/kbz6y_v2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31235\/osf.io\/kbz6y_v2<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/kbz6y_v2\">https:\/\/osf.io\/kbz6y_v2<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cThe Origin of Henry Cort\u2019s Iron-Rolling Process: Assessing the Evidence.\u201d OSF, 24 August 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31235\/osf.io\/rp5ae\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31235\/osf.io\/rp5ae<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/rp5ae\">https:\/\/osf.io\/rp5ae<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>John of Salisbury [@SalisburyJohnof]. \u201c@aljhlester @jennybulstrode To Reiterate the Point about the Key Word Being May: The Most That Can Be Said Is That the Thesis Is Plausible Speculation. The Substantive Disagreement Is over How Plausible. But It Has Not Been Presented as This at All: See Bulstrode\u2019s Comments Here (Https:\/\/Ucl.Ac.Uk\/News\/2023\/Jul\/Black-Metal-Workers-Jamaica-Pioneered-Key-Industrial-Revolution-Innovation).\u201d Tweet. <em>Twitter<\/em>, 18 November 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/SalisburyJohnof\/status\/1725948314787651841\">https:\/\/x.com\/SalisburyJohnof\/status\/1725948314787651841<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Knowles, A. K. \u201c\u2018The White Hands \u201cDamn Them \u2026 Won\u2019t Stick\u201d\u2019: Labor Scarcity and Spatial Discipline in the Antebellum Iron Industry.\u201d <em>Journal of Historical Geography<\/em> 32.1 (2006): 57\u201373. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhg.2005.07.015\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhg.2005.07.015<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Leslie, Ian. \u201cStories Are Bad for Your Intelligence.\u201d <em>Ian Leslie<\/em>, 2 September 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ian-leslie.com\/p\/stories-are-bad-for-your-intelligence\">https:\/\/www.ian-leslie.com\/p\/stories-are-bad-for-your-intelligence<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cThe End of History.\u201d <em>The Ruffian<\/em>, 23 November 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ian-leslie.com\/p\/the-end-of-history?utm_medium=reader2\">https:\/\/www.ian-leslie.com\/p\/the-end-of-history?utm_medium=reader2<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lewis, Ronald L. \u201cSlavery on Chesapeake Iron Plantations Before the American&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Revolution.\u201d <em>The Journal of Negro History<\/em> 59.3 (1974): 242\u201354. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2716765\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2716765<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pole, Len. \u201cSteeling Themselves: Effects of External Trade on West African Ironworkers.\u201d <em>Journal of Museum Ethnography<\/em> 20 (2008): 17\u201332.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>season-of-light. \u201cThoughts on Cort-Gate?\u201d Reddit Post. <em>R\/EconomicHistory<\/em>, 29 November 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/www.reddit.com\/r\/EconomicHistory\/comments\/186vzg7\/thoughts_on_cortgate\/\">www.reddit.com\/r\/EconomicHistory\/comments\/186vzg7\/thoughts_on_cortgate\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Slaton, Amy E., and Tiago Saraiva. \u201cEditorial.\u201d <em>History and Technology<\/em> 39.2 (2023): 127\u201336. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07341512.2023.2275357\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07341512.2023.2275357<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Smith, Noah. \u201cPoliticized Science Inevitably Tends toward Pseudoscience,\u201d 30 November 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.noahpinion.blog\/p\/politicized-science-inevitably-tends\">https:\/\/www.noahpinion.blog\/p\/politicized-science-inevitably-tends<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sreekumar, Divya. \u201cAuthor Affiliations in Research Papers: Answering Your Top 3 Queries | Researcher.Life.\u201d <em>Researcher.Life<\/em>, 22 December 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/author-affiliations-in-research-papers\/\">https:\/\/researcher.life\/blog\/article\/author-affiliations-in-research-papers\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stoeger, Alexander. \u201cBSHS Council Statement on \u2018Black Metallurgists and the Making of the Industrial Revolution.\u2019\u201d <em>BSHS<\/em>, 22 November 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bshs.org.uk\/bshs-council-statement-on-black-metallurgists-and-the-making-of-the-industrial-revolution\">https:\/\/www.bshs.org.uk\/bshs-council-statement-on-black-metallurgists-and-the-making-of-the-industrial-revolution<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UCL. \u201cJournal Editorial Offers Unreserved Support for Jenny Bulstrode\u2019s \u2018Black Metallurgists\u2019 Paper.\u201d <em>Science and Technology Studies<\/em>, 16 November 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/sts\/news\/2023\/nov\/journal-editorial-offers-unreserved-support-jenny-bulstrodes-black-metallurgists-paper\">https:\/\/www.ucl.ac.uk\/sts\/news\/2023\/nov\/journal-editorial-offers-unreserved-support-jenny-bulstrodes-black-metallurgists-paper<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Weinberg, Justin. \u201cDo Journals Favor Affiliated Authors? &#8211; Daily Nous.\u201d <em>Daily Nous<\/em>, 2 March 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/dailynous.com\/2018\/03\/02\/journals-favor-affiliated-authors\/, https:\/\/dailynous.com\/2018\/03\/02\/journals-favor-affiliated-authors\/\">https:\/\/dailynous.com\/2018\/03\/02\/journals-favor-affiliated-authors\/, https:\/\/dailynous.com\/2018\/03\/02\/journals-favor-affiliated-authors\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wootton, David. \u201cCort case shows why historical truth matters.\u201d <em>Engelsberg ideas<\/em>, 28 September 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/engelsbergideas.com\/notebook\/cort-case-shows-why-historical-truth-matters\/\">https:\/\/engelsbergideas.com\/notebook\/cort-case-shows-why-historical-truth-matters\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cCorrection.\u201d <em>History and Technology<\/em> 39.3\u20134 (2023): 348\u2013348. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07341512.2023.2278894\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07341512.2023.2278894<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On 21 June 2023, a scholarly journal paper challenged the long-held view that nineteenth century British ironmaster Henry Cort had invented a method for recycling low quality scrap iron into more valuable wrought iron. Instead, the author asserted, Cort had stolen this idea from &#8220;Black metallurgists in Jamaica who developed it&#8221;, crediting them as the &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/27\/black-ingenuity-in-the-industrial-revolution\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Black ingenuity in the Industrial Revolution&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-952","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One 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