{"id":898,"date":"2024-12-26T05:59:05","date_gmt":"2024-12-26T05:59:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/?p=898"},"modified":"2026-02-13T05:43:23","modified_gmt":"2026-02-13T05:43:23","slug":"miniminuteman-is-wrong-about-pyramids-slavery","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/26\/miniminuteman-is-wrong-about-pyramids-slavery\/","title":{"rendered":"Miniminuteman is wrong about pyramids &amp; slavery"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@miniminuteman773\" title=\"Miniminuteman channel\">Miniminuteman channel<\/a> is a great resource for learning about history and archaeology. However, I think Miniminuteman is wrong about pyramids and slavery. Specifcally, I think he&#8217;s wrong to say &#8220;The Great Pyramid was built by like craftsmen and laborers. It was not an enslaved force&#8221;, and <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/VkOLjSg0UiE\" title=\"this video\">this video<\/a> explains why.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#primary\" title=\"Primary source texts\">Primary source texts<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#sources\" title=\"Sources\">Sources<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Miniminuteman is wrong about pyramids &amp; slavery\" width=\"950\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/DpyWYcNP0Rw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Media credits<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Vincent Brown, The Great Pyramid (32351082151), CC BY-SA 2.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_Great_Pyramid_(32351082151).jpg.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Groner\/Barringer &#8211; Ancient Egypt: Social Classes, https:\/\/qrsdhighschool.libguides.com\/c.php?g=1198059&amp;p=8762422. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Haaretz, https:\/\/x.com\/haaretzcom\/status\/720835317603835904. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>TheHeshmat, CC BY-SA 4.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pyramids_of_Egypt_-_One_of_Seven_Wonders.jpg.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>George Alexander Hoskins (1802-1863), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Rechmire-Tributszene.jpg.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jorge L\u00e1scar from Melbourne, Australia &#8211; Pyramid of Cheops behind Chephren, CC BY 2.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pyramid_of_Cheops_behind_Chephren_(14772280566).jpg.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ricardo Liberato &#8211; All Gizah Pyramids, CC BY-SA 2.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=2258048.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>metmuseum.org, CC BY-SA 4.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Statue_of_a_kneeling_captive_Egyptianized_Alien_in_Ancient_Egypt.jpg.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Museo Egizio, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Suole_di_mummia_raffiguranti_due_prigionieri_asiatici_BCH3158.tif.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/history-magazine\/article\/egyptian-pharaohs-laws-and-punishments, https:\/\/i.natgeofe.com\/n\/028e8698-946b-49dc-be28-1484fea874b5\/04-slaves-mereruka-tomb_16x9.jpg.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>PBT, Understanding Slavery in Egypt, Assyria, and Sparta, https:\/\/www.pbslearningmedia.org\/resource\/e5e7a6e1-72fd-460c-bb6e-52f3afc7255b\/understanding-slavery-in-egypt-assyria-and-sparta.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Smart History, Egyptian Social Organization\u2014from the Pharaoh to the farmer (Part 2), https:\/\/smarthistory.org\/egyptian-social-organization-from-pharaoh-to-farmer.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aidan McRae Thomson, CC BY-SA 2.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Prisoners_of_War,_Abydos.jpg.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li id=\"primary\">Walkerssk, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Pyramids_in_Giza_-_Egypt.jpg.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Primary source texts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>151. P. Mallet III\u2013IV (Dynasty 20: Ramesses lV)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the cattle overseer Bakenkhons of the Estate of Amon-Re, King of the Gods, who addresses the policeman Maiseti, the policeman Setemhab, the administrator Paukhed [of] the sacred palanquin of King Userkhare-setepenre-miamon (Setnakht), l.p.h., the cultivator Paiuten, the cultivator Usekhnemtet, and each herdsman of the altar of Amon who is in the district of Kheriu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As soon as the servant Amenemwia comes to you, you shall set out with him and perform corv\u00e9e labor for me on the farmlands to which he will take you to be cleared since it is off of them that you will be living. Don\u2019t you proceed to return a complaint! Now look, when Amon-Re, King of the Gods, brought forth the floodwaters for Pharaoh, l.p.h., his son, see, I came to pick out him who should go to perform corv\u00e9e labor for me and to pick out him who should not go. Don\u2019t you proceed to take an opposing stand when this retainer of mine reaches you in the course of tomorrow, or you will be put in the wrong.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>See, I\u2019ve written to provide you with testimony. You are to preserve my letter in order that it may serve you as evidence at some later date.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Edward Frank Wente and Edmund S. Meltzer, Letters from Ancient Egypt, vol. 1 of Writings from the Ancient World (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1990), 127\u2013128.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>102. P. Kahun XII.1 (Dynasty 12: after Amenemhat III)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[Beginning lost] Now [I] was told [that \u2026] is prospering. I\u2019m delighted that I found the royal slave Sobekemhab, for he was in flight. I turned him over to the corv\u00e9e compound for trial, and [\u2026] works for me [\u2026] the mortuary temple \u201cAmenemhat (III), the deceased, lives.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Edward Frank Wente and Edmund S. Meltzer, Letters from Ancient Egypt, vol. 1 of Writings from the Ancient World (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1990), 83.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>88. P. Berlin 10023A (Dynasty 12: Amenemhat III)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the mayor and dean of the temple Senwosret who addresses the temple scribe Horemsaf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I am speaking to inform you that the temple doorkeeper, Sonet\u2019s son Ameny, approached me saying, \u201cI was seized as a substitute for my son, the porter of the temple there, [by] my district officers who said that he is in deficit for the corv\u00e9e force,\u201d so he said. Now his son has met his labor obligations for me(?). If [\u2026].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Address: The temple scribe Horemsaf. Year 11, first month of the [\u2026 season, day \u2026]. Delivered by the porter of the temple [\u2026]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Edward Frank Wente and Edmund S. Meltzer, Letters from Ancient Egypt, vol. 1 of Writings from the Ancient World (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1990), 74.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Famine Stele<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In its present form, the text is undoubtedly a work of the Ptolemaic period. Some scholars have surmised that it was based on a genuine Old Kingdom decree from the time of Djoser. Others take it to be a complete fiction. In any case, the text puts forth a claim to revenue on behalf of the Khnum temple of Elephantine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume III: The Late Period (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973\u2013), 94.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But the scribes that belong to you and the overseers of the South shall dwell there as accountants, listing everything that the k\u0269\ue050ry-workers, and the smiths, and the master craftsmen, and the goldsmiths, and the \u2026,51 (29) and the Nubians, and the crew of Apiru,52 and all corv\u00e9e labor who fashion the stones, shall give of gold, silver, copper, lead, baskets of \u2026,53 firewood, the things that every man who works with them shall give as dues, namely one-tenth of all these.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>51 I wonder if the unread word might be \u1e2bnrw, \u201cprisoners\u201d?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>52 A recent article with extensive bibliography on the much debated Apiru is by M. B. Rowton, JNES, 35 (1976), 13\u201320.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>53 It is not clear what word is written, see Barguet, op. cit., p. 31. Since the edible produce has been listed separately, a species of grain is hardly suitable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume III: The Late Period (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973\u2013), 100.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Inscription of Uni<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>36I accomplished all tasks; I numbered everything that is countede to (the credit of) the court in this South twice; all the corv\u00e9e that is counted to (the credit of) the court in this South twice. I performed the \u231c\u2014 \u2014 37\u2014 \u2014\u231df in this South; never before was the like done in this South. I did throughout so that his majesty praised me for it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>e For the same use of \u201ccount to\u201d see Rekhmire, II, 717.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u231c Four uncertain words in the original document<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014 \u2014 Four uncertain words in the original document<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014 \u2014 Four uncertain words in the original document<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u231d Four uncertain words in the original document<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>f This obscure sentence is plainly parallel with the preceding, thus:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. ypy y\u1e2bt nb ypt n \u1e96nw m r\u015b pn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. yry srt yrt \u1e33d m r\u015b pn; this suggests the rendering: \u201cI exercised the princeship that is exercised \u231c\u2014\u231d in this South.\u201d Sr\u02d9t I would then be a feminine abstract from sr \u201cprince;\u201d but \u1e33d remains a problem. Possibly my has been omitted before it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>James Henry Breasted, ed., Ancient Records of Egypt: The First through the Seventeenth Dynasties (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1906), 147\u2013148.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hammamat Inscription<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>386. This is the only inscription of King Ity known. His pyramid mentioned in the inscription has never been foundb and the place of the king in the series of Pharaohs is uncertain. The inscription is dated in his first year, and records an expedition which was sent to procure the finer stone necessary for the king\u2019s pyramid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>387. Year of the first occurrence (of the numbering), fourth month of the first season, day 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014 Ihy (Y\u1e25y); Khufu (\u1e2awf); commander of the army \u2014 Yakhetirni (Y\u02be\u1e2b\u02d9t yrn(y)).c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Came the ship captain, Ipi (Ypy), and Nekuptah (Pt\u1e25-n-k\u02bew) to do the work on the pyramid (called): \u201cFame-of-Ity\u201d (Yty); together with 200 soldiers and 200 \u231cworkmen, making\u231d 200 (sic!).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a Cut on the rocks in the Wadi Hammamat; text: Lepsius, Denkm\u00e4ler, II, 115 f.; partially Gol\u00e9nischeff Hammamat, VII; Sethe, Urkunden, I, 148; see Maspero, Recueil, 17, 56 ff.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b See Maspero, ibid., 56 ff.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014 The loss of a word in the original document<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014 The loss of a word in the original document<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c These names were perhaps later inserted between the date and the following.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>James Henry Breasted, ed., Ancient Records of Egypt: The First through the Seventeenth Dynasties (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1906), 174.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Autobiography of Weni<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>His majesty sent me at the head of this army, there being counts, royal seal-bearers, sole companions of the palace, chieftains and mayors of towns of Upper and Lower Egypt, companions, scout-leaders,4 chief priests of Upper and Lower Egypt, and chief district officials at the head of the troops of Upper and Lower Egypt, from the villages and towns that they governed and from the Nubians of those foreign lands. I was the one who commanded them \u2014 while my rank was that of overseer of \u2308 royal tenants \u2309<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4 The title i\u0313mi\u0313-r \u02d3w has been much discussed and variously rendered: \u201ccaravan-leader,\u201d (Faulkner, Dict., p. 39); \u201coverseer of dragomans,\u201d (Gardiner, Egypt, pp. 96, 99); \u201coverseer of mercenaries,\u201d (H. Goedicke, JEA, 46 (1960), 62, and idem, JEA, 52 (1966), 173; \u201cchief interpreter\u201d (Fischer, Inscriptions, p. 29).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"sources\">Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume I: The Old and Middle Kingdoms (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973\u2013), 20.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"sources\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Andr\u00e1ssy, Petra. Review of <em>Review of Labour Organisation in Middle Kingdom Egypt. Middle Kingdom Studies 7<\/em>, by Mic\u00f2l Di Teodoro. <em>The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology<\/em> 105.2 (2019): 313\u201316.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ankey, Douglas. \u201cContemporary Slavery: The Not-So-Secret Practice of Forced Labor Inside U.S. Prisons.\u201d <em>Prison Legal News<\/em> 23.6 (2024). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.prisonlegalnews.org\/news\/2024\/jun\/1\/contemporary-slavery-not-so-secret-practice-forced-labor-inside-us-prisons\/\">https:\/\/www.prisonlegalnews.org\/news\/2024\/jun\/1\/contemporary-slavery-not-so-secret-practice-forced-labor-inside-us-prisons\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Assmann, Jan. <em>The Mind of Egypt: History and Meaning in the Time of the Pharaohs<\/em>. Harvard University Press, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biermann, Felix, and Marek Jankowiak, eds. <em>The Archaeology of Slavery in Early Medieval Northern Europe: The Invisible Commodity<\/em>. Themes in Contemporary Archaeology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brown, Nathan J. \u201cWho Abolished Corvee Labour in Egypt and Why?\u201d <em>Past &amp; Present<\/em> 144 (1994): 116\u201337.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Buccellati, Federico, Sebastian Hageneuer, Sylva Van Der Heyden, and Felix Levenson, eds. <em>Size Matters &#8211; Understanding Monumentality Across Ancient Civilizations<\/em>. 1st ed. Vol. 146 of <em>Histoire<\/em>. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Carter, Joe. \u201cMaybe the Egyptian Pyramids Weren\u2019t Built by Union Workers After All | Joe Carter.\u201d <em>First Things<\/em>, 3 March 2011. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.firstthings.com\/blogs\/firstthoughts\/2011\/03\/maybe-the-egyptian-pyramids-werent-built-by-union-workers-after-all\">https:\/\/www.firstthings.com\/blogs\/firstthoughts\/2011\/03\/maybe-the-egyptian-pyramids-werent-built-by-union-workers-after-all<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cooney, Kathlyn M. \u201cLabour.\u201d <em>The Egyptian World<\/em>. Edited by Toby Wilkinson. Routledge Worlds. Routledge, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Di Teodoro, Mic\u00f2l. <em>Labour Organisation in Middle Kingdom Egypt<\/em>. Middle Kingdom Studies 7. Londres: Golden House Publications, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dowlah, Caf. <em>Cross-Border Labor Mobility: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives<\/em>. Springer Nature, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ekama, Kate, Lisa Hellman, and Matthias Van Rossum, eds. <em>Slavery and Bondage in Asia, 1550\u20131850: Towards a Global History of Coerced Labour<\/em>. De Gruyter, 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gal\u00e1n, Jos\u00e9 M. \u201cThe Ancient Egyptian Sed-Festival and the Exemption from Corvee.\u201d <em>Journal of Near Eastern Studies<\/em> 59.4 (2000): 255\u201364.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Goelet Jr, Ogden. \u201cProblems of Authority, Compulsion, and Compensation in Ancient Egyptian Labor Practices.\u201d <em>Labor in the Ancient World: A Colloquium Held at Hirschbach (Saxony), April 2005<\/em>. Edited by Piotr Steinkeller and Michael Hudson. International Scholars Conference on Ancient Near Eastern Economies Volume 5. Dresden: ISLET, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hahn, Matthew. \u201cPerspective | Sending Us to Fight Fires Was Abusive. We Preferred It to Staying in Prison.\u201d <em>Washington Post<\/em>, 15 October 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/outlook\/prison-firefighter-california-exploit\/2021\/10\/15\/3310eccc-2c61-11ec-8ef6-3ca8fe943a92_story.html\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/outlook\/prison-firefighter-california-exploit\/2021\/10\/15\/3310eccc-2c61-11ec-8ef6-3ca8fe943a92_story.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hawass, Zahi. <em>Magic of the Pyramids: My adventures in Archeology<\/em>. Leonardo Paolo Lovari, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Karev, Ella. \u201cAncient Egyptian Slavery.\u201d Pages 41\u201366 in <em>The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History<\/em>. Edited by Damian A. Pargas and Juliane Schiel. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Krebs, Robert E., and Carolyn A. Krebs. <em>Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World<\/em>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Langer, Christian. \u201cForced Labour and Deportations in Ancient Egypt: Recent Trends and Future Possibilities\u201d 2.19 (2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lehner, Mark. \u201cLabor and the Pyramids: The Heit El-Ghurab \u2018Workers Town\u2019 at Giza.\u201d Pages 397\u2013522 in <em>Labor in the Ancient World: A Colloquium Held at Hirschbach (Saxony), April 2005<\/em>. Edited by Piotr Steinkeller and Michael Hudson. Vol. 5 of <em>International Scholars Conference on Ancient Near Eastern Economies<\/em>. Dresden: ISLET, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cThe Pyramid Age Settlement of the Southern Mount at Giza.\u201d <em>Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt<\/em> 39 (2002): 27\u201374.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Loprieno, Antonio. \u201cSlavery and Servitude.\u201d <em>UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology<\/em>. University of California Los Angeles, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cSlavery in Pharaonic and Hellenistic Egypt.\u201d <em>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History<\/em>, 2022.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lowe, Jaime. \u201cWhat Does California Owe Its Incarcerated Firefighters?\u201d <em>The Atlantic<\/em>, 27 July 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/politics\/archive\/2021\/07\/california-inmate-firefighters\/619567\/\">https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/politics\/archive\/2021\/07\/california-inmate-firefighters\/619567\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Marie, Mustafa. \u201cHawass: \u2018The Great Pyramids Were Not Built by Slaves.\u2019\u201d <em>EgyptToday<\/em>, 9 June 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/4\/88439\/Hawass-\u2018The-Great-Pyramids-were-not-built-by-slaves\u2019\">https:\/\/www.egypttoday.com\/Article\/4\/88439\/Hawass-\u2018The-Great-Pyramids-were-not-built-by-slaves\u2019<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mazzone, David. \u201cThe Dark Side of a Model Community: The \u2018Ghetto\u2019 of El-Lahun.\u201d <em>Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture<\/em> 2 (2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>McClellan III, James Edward, and Harold Dorn. <em>Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction<\/em>. 2nd ed. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2006.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>McDowell, Robin, and Mason. \u201cPrisoners in the US Are Part of a Hidden Workforce Linked to Hundreds of Popular Food Brands.\u201d <em>AP News<\/em>, 29 January 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/prison-to-plate-inmate-labor-investigation-c6f0eb4747963283316e494eadf08c4e\">https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/prison-to-plate-inmate-labor-investigation-c6f0eb4747963283316e494eadf08c4e<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Miers, Suzanne. \u201cSlavery: A Question of Definition.\u201d <em>The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia<\/em>. Edited by Gwyn Campbell. Studies in Slave and Post-Slave Societies and Cultures. Portland, OR: Frank Cass Publishers, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Miniminuteman. \u201cFilip Zieba Debunked &#8211; TikTok\u2019s Worst Conspiracy Theorist | Pt. 2.\u201d <em>YouTube<\/em>, 3 June 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tlpJBsgXQVg\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tlpJBsgXQVg<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cPseudoarchaeology and the Pseudoscience Pipeline &#8211; Milo Rossi LIVE at Virginia Tech.\u201d <em>YouTube<\/em>, 15 April 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Pc2psN0PFTk\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Pc2psN0PFTk<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moser, Ryan. \u201cSlavery and the Modern-Day Prison Plantation.\u201d <em>JSTOR Daily<\/em>, 8 November 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/slavery-and-the-modern-day-prison-plantation\/\">https:\/\/daily.jstor.org\/slavery-and-the-modern-day-prison-plantation\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>NOVA. \u201cNOVA Online\/Pyramids\/Who Built the Pyramids?\u201d <em>PBS<\/em>, 4 February 1997. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/nova\/pyramid\/explore\/builders.html\">https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/nova\/pyramid\/explore\/builders.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Press, Associated. \u201cGreat Pyramid Tombs Unearth \u2018proof\u2019 Workers Were Not Slaves.\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, 11 January 2010, \u00a7 World news. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2010\/jan\/11\/great-pyramid-tombs-slaves-egypt\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2010\/jan\/11\/great-pyramid-tombs-slaves-egypt<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Relethford, John H. <em>50 Great Myths of Human Evolution: Understanding Misconceptions about Our Origins<\/em>. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sainato, Michael. \u201c\u2018Slavery by Any Name Is Wrong\u2019: The Push to End Forced Labor in Prisons.\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, 27 September 2022, \u00a7 US news. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2022\/sep\/27\/slavery-loophole-unpaid-labor-in-prisons\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2022\/sep\/27\/slavery-loophole-unpaid-labor-in-prisons<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Shaw, Jonathan. \u201cWho Built the Pyramids?\u201d <em>Harvard Magazine<\/em>, August 2003. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.harvardmagazine.com\/2003\/07\/who-built-the-pyramids-html\">https:\/\/www.harvardmagazine.com\/2003\/07\/who-built-the-pyramids-html<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Steinkeller, Piotr. \u201cCorv\u00e9e Labor in Ur III Times.\u201d <em>From the 21st Century B.C. to the 21st Century A.D: Proceedings of the International Conference on Neo-Sumerian Studies Held in Madrid 22-24 July 2010<\/em>. Edited by Steven J. Garfinkle and Manuel Molina. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yoffee, Norman. \u201cCritical Review: Labor Omnia Vincit.\u201d <em>Journal of Cuneiform Studies<\/em> 69 <em>International Scholars Conference on Ancient Near Eastern Economies<\/em> (2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cScience and Technology in World History\u202f: An Introduction\u201d (n.d.).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe Slavery and Human Trafficking (Definition of Victim) Regulations 2022 No. 877.\u201d King\u2019s Printer of Acts of Parliament, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/2022\/877\/regulation\/2\/made\">https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/2022\/877\/regulation\/2\/made<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhat Is Modern Slavery?\u201d <em>United States Department of State<\/em>, n.d. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/what-is-modern-slavery\/\">https:\/\/www.state.gov\/what-is-modern-slavery\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhat Is Modern Slavery?\u201d <em>Anti-Slavery International<\/em>, 2024. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.antislavery.org\/slavery-today\/modern-slavery\/\">https:\/\/www.antislavery.org\/slavery-today\/modern-slavery\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Miniminuteman channel is a great resource for learning about history and archaeology. However, I think Miniminuteman is wrong about pyramids and slavery. Specifcally, I think he&#8217;s wrong to say &#8220;The Great Pyramid was built by like craftsmen and laborers. It was not an enslaved force&#8221;, and this video explains why. Media credits Primary source &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/26\/miniminuteman-is-wrong-about-pyramids-slavery\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Miniminuteman is wrong about pyramids &amp; slavery&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-898","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 4.9.5.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Miniminuteman channel is a great resource for learning about history and archaeology. 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However, I think Miniminuteman is wrong about pyramids and slavery. Specifcally, I think he's wrong to say &quot;The Great Pyramid was built by like craftsmen and laborers. It was not an enslaved force&quot;, and this video explains why. Primary source texts Sources","og:url":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/26\/miniminuteman-is-wrong-about-pyramids-slavery\/","og:image":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cropped-knight-3-1.png","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cropped-knight-3-1.png","og:image:width":748,"og:image:height":669,"article:published_time":"2024-12-26T05:59:05+00:00","article:modified_time":"2026-02-13T05:43:23+00:00","twitter:card":"summary","twitter:title":"Miniminuteman is wrong about pyramids &amp; slavery - Veritas et Caritas","twitter:description":"The Miniminuteman channel is a great resource for learning about history and archaeology. However, I think Miniminuteman is wrong about pyramids and slavery. Specifcally, I think he's wrong to say &quot;The Great Pyramid was built by like craftsmen and laborers. It was not an enslaved force&quot;, and this video explains why. Primary source texts Sources","twitter:image":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cropped-knight-3-1.png"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"898","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":{"focus":{"keyphrase":"Miniminuteman is wrong about pyramids","score":76,"analysis":{"keyphraseInTitle":{"score":9,"maxScore":9,"error":0},"keyphraseInDescription":{"score":9,"maxScore":9,"error":0},"keyphraseLength":{"score":6,"maxScore":9,"error":1,"length":5},"keyphraseInURL":{"score":5,"maxScore":5,"error":0},"keyphraseInIntroduction":{"score":9,"maxScore":9,"error":0},"keyphraseInSubHeadings":[],"keyphraseInImageAlt":[],"keywordDensity":{"score":0,"type":"low","maxScore":9,"error":1}}},"additional":[]},"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":"","og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"BlogPosting","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":"default","schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":"-1","robots_max_videopreview":"-1","robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":"default","local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-02-13 09:54:55","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"open_ai":null,"ai":{"faqs":[],"keyPoints":[],"titles":[],"descriptions":[],"socialPosts":{"email":[],"linkedin":[],"twitter":[],"facebook":[],"instagram":[]}},"created":"2024-12-26 05:46:07","updated":"2026-02-13 09:54:55"},"aioseo_breadcrumb":"<div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\" title=\"Home\">Home<\/a>\n<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/category\/uncategorized\/\" title=\"Uncategorized\">Uncategorized<\/a>\n<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\tMiniminuteman is wrong about pyramids &amp; slavery\n<\/span><\/div>","aioseo_breadcrumb_json":[{"label":"Home","link":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com"},{"label":"Uncategorized","link":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/category\/uncategorized\/"},{"label":"Miniminuteman is wrong about pyramids &amp; slavery","link":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2024\/12\/26\/miniminuteman-is-wrong-about-pyramids-slavery\/"}],"featured_media_urls":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/898","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=898"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/898\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1243,"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/898\/revisions\/1243"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=898"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=898"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=898"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}