{"id":436,"date":"2023-09-29T10:17:08","date_gmt":"2023-09-29T10:17:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/?p=436"},"modified":"2025-04-16T15:04:33","modified_gmt":"2025-04-16T15:04:33","slug":"did-the-british-use-smallpox-against-aboriginal-australians","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/29\/did-the-british-use-smallpox-against-aboriginal-australians\/","title":{"rendered":"Did the British use smallpox against Aboriginal Australians?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In 1789 there was a sudden outbreak of smallpox in an area of Australia called Sydney by the British colonizers who had just settled there, with horrific consequences for the Aboriginal Australian population. Did the British use smallpox against Aboriginal Australians? <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/tcN23sETHKs\" title=\"\">This video<\/a> shows there is strong evidence that the colonizers infected the Aboriginal people deliberately.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Did Australia&#039;s colonizers weaponize smallpox?\" width=\"950\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tcN23sETHKs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Ashcroft, Bill. \u201cColonialism and Disease: Smallpox in the Aboriginal Population.\u201d <em>Covid-19 in India, Disease, Health and Culture: Can Wellness Be Far Behind?<\/em> Edited by Anindita Chatterjee and Nilanjana Chatterjee. Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series. Taylor &amp; Francis, 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bennett, Michael J. \u201cSmallpox and Cowpox under the Southern Cross: The Smallpox Epidemic of 1789 and the Advent of Vaccination in Colonial Australia.\u201d <em>Bull Hist Med<\/em> 83.1 (2009): 37\u201362. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/bhm.0.0167\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/bhm.0.0167<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Butlin, N.G. \u201cMacassans and Aboriginal Smallpox: The \u20181789\u2019 and \u20181829\u2019 Epidemics\u2217.\u201d <em>Historical Studies<\/em> 21.84 (1985): 315\u201335. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10314618508595710\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10314618508595710<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Campbell, Judy. <em>Invisible Invaders: Smallpox and Other Diseases in Aboriginal Australia, 1780-1880<\/em>. Carlton South, VIC: Melbourne University Press, 2002.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cSmallpox in Aboriginal Australia, 1829\u201331.\u201d <em>Historical Studies<\/em> 20.81 (1983): 536\u201356. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10314618308682899\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10314618308682899<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Carmody, John. \u201cChicken Pox or Smallpox in the Colony at Sydney Cove in April, 1789.\u201d <em>ABC Listen<\/em>, 18 September 2010. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/listen\/programs\/ockhamsrazor\/chicken-pox-or-smallpox-in-the-colony-at-sydney\/2972652\">https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/listen\/programs\/ockhamsrazor\/chicken-pox-or-smallpox-in-the-colony-at-sydney\/2972652<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cThe \u2018Myth\u2019 of Smallpox at Sydney Cove in April 1789.\u201d <em>Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research<\/em>. The Australian National University, 3 August 2013. <a href=\"https:\/\/caepr.cass.anu.edu.au\/events\/myth-smallpox-sydney-cove-april-1789\">https:\/\/caepr.cass.anu.edu.au\/events\/myth-smallpox-sydney-cove-april-1789<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cWas Sydney\u2019s Smallpox Outbreak of 1789 an Act of Biological Warfare against Aboriginal Tribes? | Comment from Dr John Carmody.\u201d <em>ABC Listen<\/em>, 17 April 2014. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/listen\/programs\/ockhamsrazor\/was-sydneys-smallpox-outbreak-an-act-of-biological-warfare\/5395050\">https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/listen\/programs\/ockhamsrazor\/was-sydneys-smallpox-outbreak-an-act-of-biological-warfare\/5395050<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Collins, David. <em>An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales,: From Its First Settlement in January 1788, to August 1801: With Remarks on the Dispositions, Customs, Manners, &amp;c., of the Native Inhabitants of That Country. To Which Are Added, Some Particulars of New Zealand; Compiled, by Permission, from the Mss. of Lieutenant-Governor King; and an Account of a Voyage Performed by Captain Flinders and Mr. Bass; by Which the Existence of a Strait Separating Van Diemen\u2019s Land from the Continent of New Holland Was Ascertained. Abstracted from the Journal of Mr. Bass<\/em>. T. Cadell and W. Davies, 1804.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cumpston, J. H. L, Australia, and Quarantine Service. <em>The History of Small-Pox in Australia, 1788-1908<\/em>. Melbourne: Govt. Printer, 1914.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Curson, Peter. \u201cSmallpox Redux: An Australian Perspective.\u201d <em>Security Challenges<\/em> 4.3 (2008): 17.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Day, David. <em>Claiming a Continent: A New History of Australia<\/em>. Angus &amp; Robertson, 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dowling, Peter J. \u201c\u2018A Great Deal of Sickness\u2019 Introduced Diseases among the Aboriginal People of Colonial Southeast Australia 1788-1900.\u201d PhD, Australian National University, 1997.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Farid, Lily Yulianti. \u201cAn Alternate History of Makassan Trepangers in Modern Australia: Rice Cooker, Makassan Town and a Business Council.\u201d <em>Monash Indigenous Studies Centre<\/em>, 20 August 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.monash.edu\/arts\/monash-indigenous-studies\/global-encounters-and-first-nations-peoples\/news-and-blog\/an-alternate-history-of-makassan-trepangers\">https:\/\/www.monash.edu\/arts\/monash-indigenous-studies\/global-encounters-and-first-nations-peoples\/news-and-blog\/an-alternate-history-of-makassan-trepangers<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fenn, Elizabeth A. \u201cBiological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst.\u201d <em>The Journal of American History<\/em> 86.4 (2000): 1552. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2567577\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2567577<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fenner, Frank, Donald Ainslie Henderson, Zdenek JeZek, Ivan Danilovich Ladnyi, and Isao Arita. <em>Smallpox and Its Eradication<\/em>. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finzsch, Norbert. \u201c\u2018[\u2026] Extirpate or Remove That Vermine\u2019: Genocide, Biological Warfare, and Settler Imperialism in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century.\u201d <em>Journal of Genocide Research<\/em> 10.2 (2008): 215\u201332. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14623520802065446\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14623520802065446<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cBiological Warfare in North America and Australia: Smallpox and Colonial Violence.\u201d <em>Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Australienstudien \/ Australian Studies Journal<\/em> 35 (2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ford, Geoff E. \u201cDarki\u00f1ung Recognition An Analysis of the Historiography for the Aborigines from the Hawkesbury-Hunter Ranges to the Northwest of Sydney.\u201d Masters, University of Sydney, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Littleton, Judith. \u201cTime and Memory: Historic Accounts of Aboriginal Burials in South-Eastern Australia.\u201d <em>Aboriginal History<\/em> 31 (2007): 103\u201321.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Macknight, Campbell. \u201cThe View from Marege\u2019: Australian Knowledge of Makassar and the Impact of the Trepang Industry across Two Centuries.\u201d <em>Aboriginal History Journal<\/em> 35 (2011). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22459\/AH.35.2011.06\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22459\/AH.35.2011.06<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/press-files.anu.edu.au\/downloads\/press\/p148271\/pdf\/ch051.pdf\">http:\/\/press-files.anu.edu.au\/downloads\/press\/p148271\/pdf\/ch051.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>McWhirter, Rebekah. \u201c\u2018Lymph or Liberty\u2019: Responses to Smallpox Vaccination in the Eastern Australian Colonies.\u201d University of Tasmania, 2008. <a href=\"https:\/\/eprints.utas.edu.au\/8077\/2\/02Whole.pdf\">https:\/\/eprints.utas.edu.au\/8077\/2\/02Whole.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mear, Craig. \u201cSmallpox in Sydney: 1789.\u201d <em>ABC Listen<\/em>, 2 May 2009. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/listen\/programs\/ockhamsrazor\/smallpox-in-sydney-1789\/3145560\">https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/listen\/programs\/ockhamsrazor\/smallpox-in-sydney-1789\/3145560<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cThe Origin of the Smallpox Outbreak in Sydney in 1789.\u201d <em>Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society<\/em> 94.1 (2008): 1\u201322.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Michael J. Bennett. \u201cSmallpox and Cowpox under the Southern Cross: The Smallpox Epidemic of 1789 and the Advent of Vaccination in Colonial Australia.\u201d <em>Bulletin of the History of Medicine<\/em> 83.1 (2009): 37\u201362. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/bhm.0.0167\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/bhm.0.0167<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rusden, George William. <em>History of Australia from Pre-Historic Times to the Federal Convention of 1897<\/em>. Vol. 1. Chapman and Hall, 1883.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Short, Bruce H. \u201cSurgeon John White: Australia\u2019s First Surgeon-General.\u201d <em>United Service<\/em> 64.4 (2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stirling, Edward Charles. <em>Preliminary Report on the Discovery of Native Remains at Swanport, R. Murray: With an Inquiry into the Alleged Occurrence of a Pandemic among the Australian Aboriginals<\/em>, 1911.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tench, Watkin. <em>A Complete Account of the Settlement at Port Jackson: In New South Wales, Including an Accurate Description of the Situation of the Colony; of the Natives; and of Its Natural Productions: Taken on the Spot<\/em>. G. Nicol, 1793.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Veracini, Lorenzo. \u201cBook Review: Judy Campbell, Invisible Invaders: Smallpox and Other Diseases in Aboriginal Australia 1780-1880, Melbourne University Press.\u201d <em>Journal of Australian Studies Review of Books<\/em> 7 (2002).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Warren, Chris. \u201c1789 &#8211; British Smallpox Warfare?\u201d <em>Australian Socialist<\/em> 18.4 (2010): 11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cAustralian Capitalism 1789 &#8211; a Crime against Humanity.\u201d <em>Australian Socialist<\/em> 22.2 (2016): 13.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cWas Sydney\u2019s Smallpox Outbreak of 1789 an Act of Biological Warfare against Aboriginal Tribes?\u201d Current. <em>ABC Radio National<\/em>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 17 April 2014. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/radionational\/programs\/ockhamsrazor\/was-sydneys-smallpox-outbreak-an-act-of-biological-warfare\/5395050\">https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/radionational\/programs\/ockhamsrazor\/was-sydneys-smallpox-outbreak-an-act-of-biological-warfare\/5395050<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Warren, Christopher. \u201cCould First Fleet Smallpox Infect Aborigines? \u2013 A Note.\u201d <em>Aboriginal History<\/em> 31 (2007): 152\u201364.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cSmallpox at Sydney Cove \u2013 Who, When, Why?\u201d <em>Journal of Australian Studies<\/em> 38.1 (2014): 68\u201386. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14443058.2013.849750\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14443058.2013.849750<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wright, Barry. \u201cAborigines &#8211; Was It Smallpox?\u201d <em>The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education<\/em> 15.5 (1987): 45\u201348. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0310582200015157\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0310582200015157<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cCould First Fleet Smallpox Infect Aborigines? \u2013 A Note Authors(s): Christopher Warren.\u201d <em>Aboriginal History<\/em> 3 (2007): 152\u201364.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cSmallpox: 1789 Biological Warfare against First Nations | Sovereign Union &#8211; First Nations Asserting Sovereignty,\u201d n.d. <a href=\"http:\/\/nationalunitygovernment.org\/content\/smallpox-1789-biological-warfare-against-first-nations\">http:\/\/nationalunitygovernment.org\/content\/smallpox-1789-biological-warfare-against-first-nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 1789 there was a sudden outbreak of smallpox in an area of Australia called Sydney by the British colonizers who had just settled there, with horrific consequences for the Aboriginal Australian population. Did the British use smallpox against Aboriginal Australians? This video shows there is strong evidence that the colonizers infected the Aboriginal people &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2023\/09\/29\/did-the-british-use-smallpox-against-aboriginal-australians\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Did the British use smallpox against Aboriginal Australians?&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-436","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 4.9.6.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Did the British use smallpox against Aboriginal Australians? 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