{"id":224,"date":"2022-12-19T18:37:02","date_gmt":"2022-12-19T18:37:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/?p=224"},"modified":"2025-04-16T15:14:09","modified_gmt":"2025-04-16T15:14:09","slug":"bibliography-christmas-was-never-a-pagan-festival","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2022\/12\/19\/bibliography-christmas-was-never-a-pagan-festival\/","title":{"rendered":"Christmas was never a pagan festival"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/y2Yvnhha4Sw\" title=\"\">This video<\/a> demonstrates that Christmas was never a pagan festival. It is not a hijack of the winter solstice celebration, the Roman festival Saturnalia, the memorial of the Mesopotamian god Tammuz, or the festivals of the Roman gods Sol Invictus or Mithras. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Why Christmas isn&#039;t pagan\" width=\"950\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/y2Yvnhha4Sw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Alvarez, Jaime. <em>Romanising Oriental Gods: Myth, Salvation and Ethics in the Cults of Cybele, Isis and Mithras.<\/em> Religions in the Graeco-Roman World, 165. Leiden: Brill, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beck, Roger. <em>Beck on Mithraism: Collected Works with New Essays<\/em>. Ashgate Pub., 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cMerkelbach\u2019s Mithras.\u201d <em>Phoenix Phoenix<\/em> 41.3 (1987): 296\u2013316.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Clauss, Manfred and Verlag C.H. Beck. <em>Mithras Kult und Mysterien<\/em>. M\u00fcnchen: Beck, 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dijk Hemmes, Fokkelien van, Bob Becking, and Meindert Dijkstra. <em>On Reading Prophetic Texts\u202f: Gender-Specific and Related Studies in Memory of Fokkelien van Dijk-Hemmes<\/em>. Vol. 18 of <em>Biblical Interpretation Series<\/em>. Leiden; New York: E.J. Brill, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gainsford, Peter. \u201cKiwi Hellenist: Concerning Yule.\u201d <em>Kiwi Hellenist<\/em>, 18 December 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/kiwihellenist.blogspot.com\/2018\/12\/concerning-yule.html\">https:\/\/kiwihellenist.blogspot.com\/2018\/12\/concerning-yule.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hijmans, Steven E. <em>Sol: The Sun in the Art and Religions of Rome<\/em>. S.l.; Groningen: University Library Groningen, 2009. <a href=\"http:\/\/irs.ub.rug.nl\/ppn\/321539664\">http:\/\/irs.ub.rug.nl\/ppn\/321539664<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cSol Invictus, the Winter Solstice, and the Origins of Christmas.\u201d <em>Mouseion<\/em> 47.3 (2003): 377\u201398.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cUsener\u2019s Christmas: A Contribution to the Modern Construct of Late Antique Solar Syncretism.\u201d <em>Hermann Usener und die Metamorphosen der Philologie<\/em>. Edited by Michel Espagne and Pascale Rabault-Feuerhahn. Kultur- und sozialwissenschaftliche Studien 7. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jablonski, Paulus Ernestus, Jonas Guil. te Water, and S. en J Luchtmans. <em>Pavli Ernesti Iablonskii Opvscvla, Qvibvs Lingva Et Antiqvitas Aegyptiorvm, Difficilia Librorvm Sacrorvm Loca Et Historiae Ecclesiasticae Capita Illvstrantvr; Magnam Partem Nvnc Primvm In Lvcem Protracta, Vel Ab Ipso Avctore Emendata Ac Locvpletata. Tomvs Qvartvs Tomvs Qvartvs<\/em>. Leiden, 1813.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jenk, Kathleen. \u201cSaturnalia.\u201d <em>Gods and Goddesses of Greece and Rome<\/em>. Edited by Brian Kinsey. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Littleton, C. Scott and Marshall Cavendish Corporation. <em>Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology<\/em>. Vol. 11. New York [N.Y.: Marshall Cavendish, 2012. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.credoreference.com\/book\/mcgods\">http:\/\/www.credoreference.com\/book\/mcgods<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Livingstone, Alasdair. <em>Mystical and Myhological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars<\/em>. Oxford: Clarendon, 1986.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mastrocinque, Attilio. <em>The Mysteries of Mithras: A Different Account<\/em>. Mohr Siebeck, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Merkelbach, R. \u201cMithras, Mithraism.\u201d <em>The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary<\/em>. Edited by David Freedman. The Anchor Bible Reference Library. Yale University Press, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Misic, Blanka. \u201cThe Case of the Poetovian Mithraea.\u201d <em>TRAC 2014: Proceedings of the Twenty Fourth Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Reading 2014<\/em>. Edited by Tom Brindle, Martyn Allen, Emma Durham, and Alex Smith. Oxbow Books, 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Neil, Bronwen. \u201cHow Did We Come to Celebrate Christmas?\u201d <em>The Conversation<\/em>, n.d. <a href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-did-we-come-to-celebrate-christmas-66042\">http:\/\/theconversation.com\/how-did-we-come-to-celebrate-christmas-66042<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Newlands, Carole Elizabeth. <em>Statius\u2019 Silvae and the Poetics of Empire<\/em>. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. <a href=\"http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;scope=site&amp;db=nlebk&amp;db=nlabk&amp;AN=74389\">http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;scope=site&amp;db=nlebk&amp;db=nlabk&amp;AN=74389<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prosic, Tamara. <em>The Development and Symbolism of Passover Until 70 CE<\/em>. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, Supplement Series 414. London; New York: T &amp; T Clark International, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yust, Walter, ed. \u201cChristmas.\u201d <em>The New Encyclopaedia Britannica<\/em>. 15th ed. Vol. 3. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1998.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cFACT CHECK: Birthday of Jesus.\u201d <em>Snopes.Com<\/em>, n.d. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.snopes.com\/fact-check\/birthday-of-jesus\/\">https:\/\/www.snopes.com\/fact-check\/birthday-of-jesus\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This video demonstrates that Christmas was never a pagan festival. It is not a hijack of the winter solstice celebration, the Roman festival Saturnalia, the memorial of the Mesopotamian god Tammuz, or the festivals of the Roman gods Sol Invictus or Mithras. Alvarez, Jaime. Romanising Oriental Gods: Myth, Salvation and Ethics in the Cults of &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2022\/12\/19\/bibliography-christmas-was-never-a-pagan-festival\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Christmas was never a pagan festival&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-224","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 4.9.5.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" 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