{"id":1284,"date":"2026-07-12T11:01:30","date_gmt":"2026-07-12T11:01:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/?p=1284"},"modified":"2026-07-12T11:03:51","modified_gmt":"2026-07-12T11:03:51","slug":"are-these-bones-ancient-calculators","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/","title":{"rendered":"Are these bones ancient calculators?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Ishango and Lebombo Bones are archaeological artifacts from the Paleolithic era, dating between 22,000 and 44,000 years ago. Ever since the bones were found, there has been considerable professional debate over the meaning of their markings. A common claim is that they are ancient calculators. But how likely is this?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"What are the Ishango &amp; Lebombo bones?\" width=\"950\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6-V-88jUjCg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sources<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apostolou, Nicholas, and D Larry Crumbley. \u201cThe Tally Stick: The First Internal Control?\u201d <em>The Forensic Examiner<\/em> (2008): 60\u201362.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Arachige, Darshi. <em>The Lure of Noma: On the Elegance of Religion<\/em>. Joondalup, W.A.: Ocean Publishing, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Asante, Molefi K. \u201cMeeting Cheikh Anta Diop on the Road to African Resurgence.\u201d <em>International Journal of African Renaissance Studies &#8211; Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity<\/em> 13.1 (2018): 4\u201315. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/18186874.2018.1459427\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/18186874.2018.1459427<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Austad, Steven N. \u201cMenopause: An Evolutionary Perspective.\u201d <em>Experimental Gerontology<\/em> 29.3\/4 (1994): 255\u201363.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bangura, Abdul Karim. <em>African Mathematics: From Bones to Computers<\/em>. Lanham: University Press of America, Inc, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014\u2014\u2014. <em>The African Mother Tongue and Mathematical Ideas<\/em>. Series in Language and Linguistics. Wilmington: Vernon Press, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Barrow-Green, June, Jeremy Gray, and Robin Wilson. <em>The History of Mathematics: A Source-Based Approach<\/em>. Vol. 1. American Mathematical Society, 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bradshaw, Lisa. \u201cCongo to Request Return of Famous Ishango Bone.\u201d Text. <em>The Bulletin<\/em>, 23 November 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebulletin.be\/congo-request-return-famous-ishango-bone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.thebulletin.be\/congo-request-return-famous-ishango-bone<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u2019Ambrosio, Ubiratan, and Manoel de Campos Almeida. \u201cEthnomathematics and the Emergence of Mathematics.\u201d Page 22 in <em>The Nature and Development of Mathematics &#8211; Cross Disciplinary Perspectives on Cognition, Learning and Culture<\/em>. Edited by John W Adams, Patrick Barmby, and Alex Mesoudi. London\u202f; New York: Routledge, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u2019Errico, Francesco. \u201cPalaeolithic Lunar Calendars: A Case of Wishful Thinking?\u201d <em>Current Anthropology<\/em> 30.1 (1989): 117\u201318. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/203721\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/203721<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Drake, Miriam. <em>Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, Second Edition &#8211;<\/em>. CRC Press, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elkins, James. \u201cOn the Impossibility of Close Reading: The Case of Alexander Marshack.\u201d <em>Current Anthropology<\/em> 37.2 (1996): 185\u2013226.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">d\u2019Errico, Francesco, Lucinda Backwell, Paola Villa, Ilaria Degano, Jeannette J. Lucejko, Marion K. Bamford, Thomas F. G. Higham, Maria Perla Colombini, and Peter B. Beaumont. \u201cEarly Evidence of San Material Culture Represented by Organic Artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa.\u201d <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/em> 109.33 (2012): 13214\u201319. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1204213109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1204213109<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Everett, Caleb. <em>Numbers and the Making of Us: Counting and the Course of Human Cultures<\/em>. Harvard University Press, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gottschalk, Keith. \u201cAstronaissance: Communicating Astronomy &amp; Space to the African Imagination.\u201d Page 16 in <em>Political Studies<\/em>. Maropeng, South Africa: University of the Western Cape, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Harrison, Lindsey. \u201cFrom Euclid to Present: A Collection of Proofs Regarding the In\ufb01nitude of Primes,\u201d 2013.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Haydn, Joseph Timothy. <em>Dictionary of Dates, and Universal Reference<\/em>. London: Edward Moxon, 1841.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Huylebrouck, Dirk. <em>Africa and Mathematics: From Colonial Findings Back to the Ishango Rods<\/em>. Mathematics, Culture, and the Arts. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-04037-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-04037-6<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-04037-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-04037-6<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cMathematics in (Central) Africa before Colonization.\u201d <em>Anthropologica et Pr\u00e6historica<\/em> 117 (2006): 135\u201362.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cThe Bone That Began the Space Odyssey.\u201d <em>The Mathematical Intelligencer<\/em> 18.4 (1996): 56\u201360.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Joseph, George Ghevarughese. \u201cFoundations of Eurocentrism in Mathematics.\u201d <em>Race &amp; Class<\/em> 28.3 (1987): 13\u201328. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030639688702800302\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030639688702800302<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Joseph, George Gheverghese. <em>The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics (Third Edition)<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kameswara Rao, Neelamraju. \u201cAspects of Prehistoric Astronomy in India.\u201d <em>Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India<\/em> 33 (2005): 499.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kapcar, Andrej. \u201cTally Sticks of the Stone Age,\u201d 26 May 2011.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Katz, Victor J., and Annette Imhausen. <em>The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook<\/em>. Princeton University Press, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Keller, Olivier. \u201cLes fables d\u2019Ishango, ou l\u2019irr\u00e9sistible tentation de la math\u00e9matique-fiction.\u201d <em>Bibnum. Textes fondateurs de la science<\/em> (2010). <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/bibnum\/889\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/journals.openedition.org\/bibnum\/889<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cThe Fables of Ishango, or the Irresistible Temptation of Mathematical Fiction.\u201d <em>Bibnum. Textes Fondateurs de La Science<\/em> (2010): 1\u201317.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kim, Yoong-Sang, and Eun-Mee Lim. \u201cA Preliminary Survey of Factors Affect Menstrual Cycle Length and Regularity.\u201d <em>Journal of Oriental Obsetrics &amp; Gynecology<\/em> 24.3 (2011): 73\u201384.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Liu, Y., E. B. Gold, B. L. Lasley, and W. O. Johnson. \u201cFactors Affecting Menstrual Cycle Characteristics.\u201d <em>American Journal of Epidemiology<\/em> 160.2 (2004): 131\u201340. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwh188\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwh188<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Magli, Giulio. <em>Mysteries and Discoveries of Archaeoastronomy: From Giza to Easter Island<\/em>. New York: Copernicus Books, 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Marshack, Alexander. \u201cOn \u2018Close Reading\u2019 and Decoration Versus Notation.\u201d <em>Current Anthropology<\/em> 38.1 (1997): 81\u201383.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Matthews, Michael R. \u201cA Role for History and Philosophy in Science Teaching.\u201d <em>Interchange<\/em> 20.2 (1989): 3\u201315. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01807043\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01807043<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Miller, Duncan. \u201cINDIGENOUS IRON PRODUCTION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND INTERPRETATION.\u201d <em>Mediterranean Archaeology<\/em> 14 (2001): 229\u201334.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nowlan, Robert A. <em>Masters of Mathematics: The Problems They Solved, Why These Are Important, and What You Should Know about Them<\/em>. Rotterdam: Brill | Sense, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Padmanabhan, Thanu, and Vasanthi Padmanabhan. <em>The Dawn of Science: Glimpses from History for the Curious Mind<\/em>. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-17509-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-17509-2<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-17509-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-17509-2<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Papadimitriou, Anastasios. \u201cThe Evolution of the Age at Menarche from Prehistorical to Modern Times.\u201d <em>Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology<\/em> 29.6 (2016): 527\u201330. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpag.2015.12.002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpag.2015.12.002<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Park, Seungbae. \u201cAn Evolutionary Account of Cyclic Shifts in Women\u2019s Mate Preferences.\u201d <em>Journal of Studies in Social Sciences<\/em> 4.2 (2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pedersen, A B, M J Bartholomew, L A Dolence, L P Aljadir, K L Netteburg, and T Lloyd. \u201cMenstrual Differences Due to Vegetarian and Non Vegetarian Diets.\u201d <em>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition<\/em> 53.4 (1991): 879\u201385. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/53.4.879\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/53.4.879<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pejlare, Johanna, and Kajsa Br\u00e5ting. \u201cWriting the History of Mathematics: Interpretations of the Mathematics of the Past and Its Relation to the Mathematics of Today.\u201d Pages 1\u201326 in <em>Handbook of the Mathematics of the Arts and Sciences<\/em>. Edited by Bharath Sriraman. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-70658-0_63-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-70658-0_63-1<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-70658-0_63-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-319-70658-0_63-1<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pickover, Clifford A. <em>The Math Book: From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics<\/em>. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pletser, Vladimir. \u201cDoes the Ishango Bone Indicate Knowledge of the Base 12? An Interpretation of a Prehistoric Discovery, the First Mathematical Tool of Humankind.\u201d <em>ArXiv<\/em> (2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cThe Oath of Ishango: Why and What For?,\u201d 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pletser, Vladimir, and Dirk Huylebrouck. \u201cAn Interpretation of the Ishango Rods.\u201d <em>ArXiv<\/em> (n.d.): 33.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cAn Interpretation of the Ishango Rods.\u201d Pages 139\u201370 in <em>Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie van Belgie Voor Wetenschappen En Kunsten<\/em>, 2008.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cContradictions and narrowness of views in \u2018The fables of Ishango, or the irresistible temptation of mathematical fiction\u2019, answers and updates.\u201d <em>arXiv<\/em> (2016): 28.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Robinson, Judy. \u201cNot Counting on Marshack: A Reassessment of the Work of Alexander Marshack on Notation in the Upper Palaeolithic.\u201d <em>Journal of Mediterranean Studies<\/em> 2.1 (1992): 1\u201317.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rudman, Peter Strom. <em>How Mathematics Happened: The First 50,000 Years<\/em>. Prometheus Books, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ryder, Brent. \u201cHistoric Development of Prime Numbers.\u201d Texas Woman\u2019s University, 2014.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Schmidt, Peter R., ed. <em>The Culture and Technology of African Iron Production<\/em>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sirkeci, Osman, and L. Yurt Yadigar. \u201cPreaccounting_History.Doc,\u201d n.d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Strassmann, Beverly I. \u201cThe Biology of Menstruation in Homo Sapiens: Total Lifetime Menses, Fecundity, and Nonsynchrony in a Natural-Fertility Population.\u201d <em>Current Anthropology<\/em> 38.1 (1997): 123\u201329. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/204592\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/204592<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sy, Aida, and Tony Tinker. \u201cBury Pacioli in Africa: A Bookkeeper\u2019s Reification of Accountancy.\u201d <em>Abacus<\/em> 42.1 (2006): 105\u201327. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6281.2006.00189.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6281.2006.00189.x<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tajima, Atsushi, Cheih-Shan Sun, I-Hung Pan, Takafumi Ishida, Naruya Saitou, and Satoshi Horai. \u201cMitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms in Nine Aboriginal Groups of Taiwan: Implications for the Population History of Aboriginal Taiwanese.\u201d <em>Human Genetics<\/em> 113 (2003): 24\u201333. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00439-003-0945-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00439-003-0945-1<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thanyani Rambane, Daniel, and Mashudu C Mashige. \u201cThe Role of Mathematics and Scientific Thought in Africa: A Renaissance Perspective.\u201d <em>International Journal of African Renaissance Studies &#8211; Multi-, Inter- and Transdisciplinarity<\/em> 2.2 (2007): 183\u201399. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/18186870701751681\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/18186870701751681<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thiam, Thierno, and Gilbert Rochon. <em>Sustainability, Emerging Technologies, and Pan-Africanism<\/em>. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-22180-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-22180-5<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-22180-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-22180-5<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thompson, William Irwin. <em>The Time Falling Bodies Take To Light: Mythology, Sexuality and the Origins of Culture<\/em>. Palgrave Macmillan, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Toksvig, Sandi. \u201cSandi Toksvig\u2019s Top 10 Unsung Heroines.\u201d <em>The Guardian<\/em>, 28 October 2009, \u00a7 Books. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/books\/2009\/oct\/28\/sandi-toksvig-unsung-heroines\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/books\/2009\/oct\/28\/sandi-toksvig-unsung-heroines<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Utete, Christina, Alex Ilukena, and Gerson Sindano. \u201cExploring How Modern Sciences Impede the Development of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) [Ethno-Science and Ethno-Mathematics] in the Kavango East Region: A Case Study.\u201d <em>Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences<\/em> 6.2 (2017): 21.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vogelsang, Ralf, J\u00fcrgen Richter, Zenobia Jacobs, Barbara Eichhorn, Veerle Linseele, and Richard Roberts. \u201cNew Excavations of Middle Stone Age Deposits at Apollo 11 Rockshelter, Namibia: Stratigraphy, Archaeology, Chronology and Past Environments.\u201d <em>Journal of African Archaeology<\/em> 8 (2010). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3213\/1612-1651-10170\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3213\/1612-1651-10170<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wallace, Alfred Russel. <em>Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection, with Some of Its Applications<\/em>. London\u202f; New York: Macmillan, 1889.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Whitehead, Alfred North. <em>An Introduction to Mathematics<\/em>. London\u202f; New York: Henry Holt, 1911.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zaslavsky, Claudia. \u201c\u2018Africa Counts\u2019 and Ethnomathematics.\u201d <em>For the Learning of Mathematics<\/em> 14.2 (1994): 7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014\u2014\u2014. <em>Africa Counts; Number and Pattern in African Culture<\/em>. Prindle, Weber &amp; Schmidt, 1973.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014\u2014\u2014. <em>Africa Counts: Number and Pattern in African Cultures<\/em>. Lawrence Hill Books, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014\u2014\u2014. <em>Fear of Math: How to Get Over It and Get on with Your Life<\/em>. Rutgers University Press, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014\u2014\u2014. \u201cWomen as the First Mathematicians.\u201d <em>International Study Group On Ethnomathematics<\/em> 7.1 (1992).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Encyclopaedia Britannica, Or a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature<\/em>. Fourth. Vol. 13. Edinburgh: A. Constable, 1810.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Pantologia: A New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Comprehending a Complete Series of Essays, Treatises, and Systems, Alphabetically Arranged&#8230;<\/em> Vol. 7. J. Walker, 1819.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe Oldest Lunar Calendars.\u201d <em>Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute<\/em>, n.d. <a href=\"https:\/\/sservi.nasa.gov\/articles\/oldest-lunar-calendars\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/sservi.nasa.gov\/articles\/oldest-lunar-calendars\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Were Women The First Mathematicians In Ancient Africa?<\/em>, 2020.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Ishango and Lebombo Bones are archaeological artifacts from the Paleolithic era, dating between 22,000 and 44,000 years ago. Ever since the bones were found, there has been considerable professional debate over the meaning of their markings. A common claim is that they are ancient calculators. But how likely is this? Sources Apostolou, Nicholas, and &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/\" class=\"more-link\">Read more<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Are these bones ancient calculators?&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1284","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ever since these ancient bones were discovered, people have wondered what the markings on them could mean. Are they pre-historic calculators as some believe?\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Veritas et Caritas\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO Pro (AIOSEO) 4.9.10\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Veritas et Caritas - debunking historical myths\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Are these bones ancient calculators? -\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ever since these ancient bones were discovered, people have wondered what the markings on them could mean. Are they pre-historic calculators as some believe?\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cropped-knight-3-1.png\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cropped-knight-3-1.png\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"748\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"669\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-07-12T11:01:30+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-07-12T11:03:51+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"Are these bones ancient calculators? -\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Ever since these ancient bones were discovered, people have wondered what the markings on them could mean. Are they pre-historic calculators as some believe?\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cropped-knight-3-1.png\" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"aioseo-schema\">\n\t\t\t{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"BlogPosting\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/12\\\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\\\/#blogposting\",\"name\":\"Are these bones ancient calculators? -\",\"headline\":\"Are these bones ancient calculators?\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/author\\\/veritascertumgmail-com\\\/#author\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/#person\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/12\\\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\\\/#articleImage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/d34a0d02b25480e42a7ab3d94760be325eedebd91baab5042d1461c25eca1a2b?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"width\":96,\"height\":96,\"caption\":\"Veritas et Caritas\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-07-12T11:01:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-07-12T11:03:51+00:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/12\\\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\\\/#webpage\"},\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/12\\\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\\\/#webpage\"},\"articleSection\":\"Uncategorized\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/12\\\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\\\/#breadcrumblist\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com#listItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/category\\\/uncategorized\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Uncategorized\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/category\\\/uncategorized\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Uncategorized\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/category\\\/uncategorized\\\/\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/12\\\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Are these bones ancient calculators?\"},\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com#listItem\",\"name\":\"Home\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/12\\\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Are these bones ancient calculators?\",\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/category\\\/uncategorized\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"Uncategorized\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/#person\",\"name\":\"Veritas et Caritas\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/12\\\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\\\/#personImage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/d34a0d02b25480e42a7ab3d94760be325eedebd91baab5042d1461c25eca1a2b?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"width\":96,\"height\":96,\"caption\":\"Veritas et Caritas\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/author\\\/veritascertumgmail-com\\\/#author\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/author\\\/veritascertumgmail-com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Veritas et Caritas\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/12\\\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\\\/#authorImage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/d34a0d02b25480e42a7ab3d94760be325eedebd91baab5042d1461c25eca1a2b?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"width\":96,\"height\":96,\"caption\":\"Veritas et Caritas\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/12\\\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\\\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/12\\\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\\\/\",\"name\":\"Are these bones ancient calculators? -\",\"description\":\"Ever since these ancient bones were discovered, people have wondered what the markings on them could mean. Are they pre-historic calculators as some believe?\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/#website\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/2026\\\/07\\\/12\\\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\\\/#breadcrumblist\"},\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/author\\\/veritascertumgmail-com\\\/#author\"},\"creator\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/index.php\\\/author\\\/veritascertumgmail-com\\\/#author\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-07-12T11:01:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-07-12T11:03:51+00:00\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Veritas et Caritas\",\"description\":\"debunking historical myths\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/veritas-et-caritas.com\\\/#person\"}}]}\n\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro -->\r\n\t\t<title>Are these bones ancient calculators? -<\/title>\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"Are these bones ancient calculators? -","description":"Ever since these ancient bones were discovered, people have wondered what the markings on them could mean. Are they pre-historic calculators as some believe?","canonical_url":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/#blogposting","name":"Are these bones ancient calculators? -","headline":"Are these bones ancient calculators?","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/author\/veritascertumgmail-com\/#author"},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/#person"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/#articleImage","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/d34a0d02b25480e42a7ab3d94760be325eedebd91baab5042d1461c25eca1a2b?s=96&d=mm&r=g","width":96,"height":96,"caption":"Veritas et Caritas"},"datePublished":"2026-07-12T11:01:30+00:00","dateModified":"2026-07-12T11:03:51+00:00","inLanguage":"en-US","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/#webpage"},"isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/#webpage"},"articleSection":"Uncategorized"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/#breadcrumblist","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com#listItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/category\/uncategorized\/#listItem","name":"Uncategorized"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/category\/uncategorized\/#listItem","position":2,"name":"Uncategorized","item":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/category\/uncategorized\/","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/#listItem","name":"Are these bones ancient calculators?"},"previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com#listItem","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/#listItem","position":3,"name":"Are these bones ancient calculators?","previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/category\/uncategorized\/#listItem","name":"Uncategorized"}}]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/#person","name":"Veritas et Caritas","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/#personImage","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/d34a0d02b25480e42a7ab3d94760be325eedebd91baab5042d1461c25eca1a2b?s=96&d=mm&r=g","width":96,"height":96,"caption":"Veritas et Caritas"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/author\/veritascertumgmail-com\/#author","url":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/author\/veritascertumgmail-com\/","name":"Veritas et Caritas","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/#authorImage","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/d34a0d02b25480e42a7ab3d94760be325eedebd91baab5042d1461c25eca1a2b?s=96&d=mm&r=g","width":96,"height":96,"caption":"Veritas et Caritas"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/#webpage","url":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/","name":"Are these bones ancient calculators? -","description":"Ever since these ancient bones were discovered, people have wondered what the markings on them could mean. Are they pre-historic calculators as some believe?","inLanguage":"en-US","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/#breadcrumblist"},"author":{"@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/author\/veritascertumgmail-com\/#author"},"creator":{"@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/author\/veritascertumgmail-com\/#author"},"datePublished":"2026-07-12T11:01:30+00:00","dateModified":"2026-07-12T11:03:51+00:00"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/","name":"Veritas et Caritas","description":"debunking historical myths","inLanguage":"en-US","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/#person"}}]},"og:locale":"en_US","og:site_name":"Veritas et Caritas - debunking historical myths","og:type":"article","og:title":"Are these bones ancient calculators? -","og:description":"Ever since these ancient bones were discovered, people have wondered what the markings on them could mean. Are they pre-historic calculators as some believe?","og:url":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/","og:image":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cropped-knight-3-1.png","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cropped-knight-3-1.png","og:image:width":748,"og:image:height":669,"article:published_time":"2026-07-12T11:01:30+00:00","article:modified_time":"2026-07-12T11:03:51+00:00","twitter:card":"summary","twitter:title":"Are these bones ancient calculators? -","twitter:description":"Ever since these ancient bones were discovered, people have wondered what the markings on them could mean. Are they pre-historic calculators as some believe?","twitter:image":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/cropped-knight-3-1.png"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"1284","title":"#post_title #separator_sa","description":"Ever since these ancient bones were discovered, people have wondered what the markings on them could mean. Are they pre-historic calculators as some believe?","keywords":null,"keyphrases":{"focus":{"keyphrase":"ancient calculators","score":70,"analysis":{"keyphraseInTitle":{"score":9,"maxScore":9,"error":0},"keyphraseInDescription":{"score":3,"maxScore":9,"error":1},"keyphraseLength":{"score":9,"maxScore":9,"error":0,"length":2},"keyphraseInURL":{"score":5,"maxScore":5,"error":0},"keyphraseInIntroduction":{"score":9,"maxScore":9,"error":0},"keyphraseInSubHeadings":[],"keyphraseInImageAlt":[],"keywordDensity":{"score":0,"type":"low","maxScore":9,"error":1}}},"additional":[]},"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":"","og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"BlogPosting","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":"default","schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":"-1","robots_max_videopreview":"-1","robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":"default","local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-07-12 11:03:52","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"open_ai":null,"ai":{"faqs":[],"keyPoints":[],"schemas":[],"titles":[],"descriptions":[],"socialPosts":{"email":{"subject":"","preview":"","content":""},"linkedin":[],"twitter":[],"facebook":[],"instagram":[]}},"created":"2026-07-12 10:58:49","updated":"2026-07-12 16:22:28"},"aioseo_breadcrumb":"<div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\" title=\"Home\">Home<\/a>\n<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/category\/uncategorized\/\" title=\"Uncategorized\">Uncategorized<\/a>\n<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\tAre these bones ancient calculators?\n<\/span><\/div>","aioseo_breadcrumb_json":[{"label":"Home","link":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com"},{"label":"Uncategorized","link":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/category\/uncategorized\/"},{"label":"Are these bones ancient calculators?","link":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/2026\/07\/12\/are-these-bones-ancient-calculators\/"}],"featured_media_urls":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1284","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1284"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1284\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1285,"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1284\/revisions\/1285"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1284"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1284"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/veritas-et-caritas.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1284"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}